Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

1 - Assignment Example Women were the main source of labor and were expected to be highly productive in the society. Women were the major contributors during tilling and harvesting of land. In comparison, it should be clear that Egyptian practices were more inclined in religion contrary to the Mesopotamia’s that were scientifically driven (Wengrow, 2010). The architectural designs implored in constructions of the Egyptian Pyramids had more religious inclination than scientific. On the other hand, the dykes that were built along the Tigris and the Euphrates had more scientific backing than religious connotation. The other factor that made Mesopotamia more advanced than Egypt is that it had more trade links compared to Egypt. Mesopotamia had an extensive market across Asia for its clay products. Technologically, the wheel system which was invented in Mesopotamia catapulted transportation, farming and pottery to even greater levels of development than the more religion oriented Egypt (Walther, 1989). In conclusion, Egypt and Mesopotamia remain some of the ancient civilization courtesy of their strategic locations, technological adaptations, culture and religion.However.Mesopotamia witnessed more advanced than Egypt in terms of civilization because of its scientific orientation than

In and out of cloud computing Literature review

In and out of cloud computing - Literature review Example In an attempt of trying to gain a competitive advantage, businesses are eagerly looking for innovative ways of maximizing profits, while cutting down costs. Their growth ambition is normally hindered by money saving pressure. They therefore try new methods and ideas, which they think can produce better results than what they tried yesterday. It is this innovative technologies growing acceptance that has made clod computing to be the IT’s biggest buzzword (Basset 1997, P.13). However, it is very important for any organization to fully understand what, how, why, and from whom ideas, before jumping into cloud computing. Providers of cloud computing are not the same and their services are different in range and quality, and hence, it is advisable that potential users do a thorough investigation into the nature of services they are bound to receive. According to Basset (1997, p.15), the main economic appeal of cloud computing is that it allows customers to only use what they need a nd only pay for what they use. These resources can easily be accessed at all times from the cloud, from any location, through the internet. It is also called ‘IT on demand’ or utility computing because you simply buy your required IT service, just like any other utility. It makes use of remote servers, which are housed in data centers that are highly secured for data management and storage. Therefore, organizations have no need of buying and looking after their in-house IT solutions. This review aims at assessing the extent to which cloud base computing can replace in-house. Literature Review Key Concepts of Cloud Computing Cloud computing can be seen as a pyramid of three sections. At the apex is cloud application. This is where applications are interacted and run through a web browser, re mote client or hosted desktop. Cloud application removes the install and run application need in the computer of the customer. This removes the need for support, ongoing operations, and software maintenance. Johnson (1998, p.107) asserts that the cloud platform is in the middle, and provides a service framework. It dynamically configures, and reconfigures servers according to the need to cope with decrease or increase in demand. The cloud infrastructure forms the pyramid’s foundation of IT infrastructure via virtualization. It includes, networks, servers and hardware appliances, which act as â€Å"web servers†, â€Å"cloud centers† or â€Å"farms†. Johnson (1998, p.108) concludes that interlinking these with others provides additional capacity and resilience. There are three types of cloud computing namely private, public and hybrid. The public cloud is also called the external cloud and describes cloud computing as often virtualized, dynamically provisioned, and scalable resources that re readily available in the internet, from a third party provider, who is normally off-site, for example ThinkGrid. Private cloud is also referred to as internal or corporate cloud, and denotes a computing architecture that provides a host of private services. It is used by many large companies, but negates many cloud computing benefits, because such companies will still need to buy set up and monitor their clouds. Hybrid cloud combines providers of internal and external resources, thus becoming enterprises’ most popular choice. There are many services that can be achieved via cloud computing by taking advantage e of

Role of Merchant Marine for the Allies

Role of Merchant Marine for the Allies ROLE OF MERCHANT MARINE IN SUPPORTING WAR EFFORT IN ASIA PACIFIC IN WORLD WAR II AND LESSONS FOR INDIA INTRODUCTION The men and ships of the Merchant Marine have participated in every landing operation by the United States Marine Corps from Guadalcanal to Iwo Jima and we know they will be at hand with supplies and equipment when American amphibious forces hit the beaches of Japan itself. Lt Gen Alexander A Vandergrift, Commandant US Marine Corps[1] Merchant Marine in the Second World War. The role of merchant marine in World War II (WW II) has been adequately expounded by many scholars. The merchant marine ships as carriers of essential materials both for civilian sustenance as well as for continuance of war effort for both the Allies as well as Axis powers became the raison d etre of some of the most pitched battles during WW II. Control of trans-Atlantic lines of communication for the Allies and their interdiction by the Axis powers led to the Battle of the Atlantic which lasted the entire duration of WW2.[2] Highly publicized and extensively analysed, this battle remains the most epochal sea battle involving merchant marine. The Asia Pacific region on the other hand, witnessed trade warfare of almost equal intensity but on a much lesser scale. The effectiveness of measures employed by both Axis and Allied forces to interdict each others merchant marine in this region decided the outcome of the Pacific war to a large extent. Asia Pacific Reversal of Strategies against Merchant Marine. What lends a modicum of uniqueness to the Asia Pacific region is that the policies adopted by Allies and the Axis powers against merchant shipping here were diametrically opposite to those being adopted by them in the Atlantic theatre at the same point in time. Japan in the Asia Pacific was faced with the same challenges as Great Britian in the Atlantic in terms of dependence on Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCS) for sustaining her war waging effort. Her merchant shipping was being targeted by the US submarine fleet much in the same manner that the German U boats were sinking Allied shipping in the Atlantic. Yet, Japan could not put into place effective convoy tactics similar to those that the Allies employed against the German U boat wolf packs. In addition, Japanese U boats remained largely ineffective in checking the Allied offensive owing to flawed doctrinal approach. Hence, understanding the reasons behind this revers al of strategies towards trade warfare is germane to understanding the overall contribution of merchant marine in the Asia Pacific. Success of Allied Merchant Marine Support. While Japan was economically strangulated through interdiction of her merchant marine, the Allies innovated to keep their ships fighting fit despite an acute lack of bases to do it from. The implementation of Advanced and Floating Bases[3] in the Pacific theatre and the yeoman service provided by Service Squadrons Eight and Ten[4] during the operations in the Asia Pacific region are indeed benchmarks as far as synergising the efforts of merchant marine and the fighting forces is concerned. Effective support of merchant marine proved to be a force multiplier for the Allies and allowed them to successfully wage a war of attrition against Japan. AIM This paper seeks to study the role of merchant marine for the Allies and the Axis powers in the Asia Pacific region in WW II by examining the effects of trade warfare, Naval Control of Shipping (NCS), convoy ops and U boat doctrines on both the sides. The paper would make recommendations relevant to the Indian context with special emphasis on Naval Cooperation and Guidance for Shipping (NCAGS) measures.[5] ALLIED AND AXIS MERCHANT MARINE IN ASIA PACIFIC REGION Requirement of Merchant Shipping Asia Pacific Region Axis Merchant Marine in Asia Pacific. The Axis merchant marine plying the Asia Pacific region belonged entirely to Japan. Prior to the outbreak of war, Japanese merchantmen were employed for transporting oil, iron ore, military hardware, etc. from USA, UK and her colonies and the Dutch East Indies.[6] After Japan attacked Indo China in May 1941, the USA responded with sanctions and cut off all trade. In order to keep the war machine moving, Japan now started importing oil from Indonesia, coal from Manchuria, rubber and iron ore from Malaya. With the outbreak of war, Japanese trade and her merchant marine were extensively plying within the Western Pacific region. One special aspects pertaining to the internal organization of merchant marine in Japan bears mention. Unlike the Allies, where merchant marine requisitioned for war effort was under a single point control, in Japan, merchant shipping was divided between Imperial Japanese Army, Imperial Japanese Navy and Ministry of Communica tion. The absence of a central coordinating agency left the merchant marine fractured in administration eventually leading to wastage of significant amount of tonnage.[7] The Japanese were singularly dependent on their merchant marine for sustaining the war on Allies. At the outbreak of war, Japanese merchant marine was about 6,000,000 tons which was considered just about adequate to meet their national needs.[8] The Japanese, having never been subjected to significant trade warfare did not have a well-defined structure of NCS. Allied Merchant Marine in Asia Pacific. The Allies had a significant merchant marine presence within the Asia Pacific region. The US itself had more than 1700 merchantmen[9] assigned to the Pacific theatre of which 450 merchantmen eventually participated in Pacific theatre combat operations. These ships were awarded Battle stars for their distinguished service.[10] Allied merchant marine in the Asia Pacific while being predominantly of American origin also had generous contribution from Australia, New Zealand, UK, Netherlands and Norway.[11] Movement of merchant ships within the theatre was relatively unopposed as compared to the Atlantic theatre. This was made possible due to an almost negligible Japanese submarine threat. In addition, the Allied NCS procedure were tested and proven in combat thereby streamlining the entire process of merchant marine movements, defensive measures, intelligence gathering, etc.[12] But what posed a significant problem for the Allied war effort was two fold: Lack of Bases for Stockpiling and Repair Activities. The vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean provided very few shore bases to set up stockpiles/ forward bases. This aspect gains significance because the numbers involved in supporting the fighting forces were indeed astronomical. For eg on Efate, the U.S. had seven 1,000-barrel steel tanks for aviation gasoline, two 10,000-gallon Diesel tanks, and four buried 5,000-gallon aviation-gasoline tanks, while at Havannah eight other buried tanks held 5,000 gallons each. In the Tulagi area the U.S. had ten 1,000-barrel tanks plus 12,000 barrels of aviation gasoline, a 60-000-barrel diesel-oil storage, and a 280,000- barrel fuel-oil farm. Guadalcanal added storage for 1,300,000 gallons of aviation gasoline.[13] The condition described above was reached in the initial phases of the offensive. Enhanced Distances of the Pacific.The Pacific Ocean stretches through 135 ° of latitude, 9,600 miles. Its greatest longitudinal extent measures 12,000 miles along latitude 5 ° N, covering an area of 63.8 million square miles.[14] An average voyage across this expanse of water from San Francisco to the closest island outpost in the Solomon Island chain would take in excess of 25 days provided the weather was favourable. Thus moving logistics across this vast expanse was a unique problem. Maintaining continuous flow of materiel in this theatre where an average soldier required 67 pounds of supplies per day was indeed a daunting challenge. Allied Efforts to Surmount Logistical Challenges Setting Up of Allied Mobile Service Squadrons. Based upon the above two peculiarities of the Pacific theatre, Admiral Nimitz ordered setting up of two mobile service squadrons. The basic idea was to use one mobile service squadron to support the fleet till achievement of one military objective. In the meantime, the second mobile service squadron would be set up ahead near the next objective. This way, the Fleet could continue its forward march and the support squadrons would leapfrog ahead.[15] This idea fit in well with the island hopping campaign. The service squadrons were an eclectic mix of naval ships, merchantmen, fleet auxiliaries and a number of specialized vessels. The combination of vessels, surface craft, and auxiliary equipment under the operational administration of the Service Squadron included: provisions stores ships, barracks ships, oil tankers, hospital ships, destroyer tenders, hydrographic survey ships, net cargo ships, net tenders, repair ships, pontoon assembly ships, submarine chasers, motor torpedo boats, picket boats, rearming boats, buoy boats, harbour tugs, salvage tugs, self-propelled lighters, ammunition barges, salvage barges, garbage barges, repair barges, floating dry-docks, degaussing vessels, floating cranes, salvage vessels, net gate barges, and any other type of ship considered necessary.[16] Analysis.A comparative analysis of both the Allied and the Axis merchant marine indicates that at the beginning of the Pacific War, both the forces had relatively high freedom of manoeuver with merchantmen having a clearly understood charter. The Allies had an edge over the Axis merchantmen in that they were under a unified and unambiguous command structure. This edge also extended to the synergistic approach towards their utilization in conjunction with fighting forces. On the contrary, Japanese attitude towards managing affairs pertaining to joint ops with merchant shipping and convoy ops was one of derision. Managing trade and merchantmen did not figure in the classical Mahanian concept of seapower which the Japanese were assiduously emulating and hence gave it only a peripheral treatment.[17] ALLIED TRADE WARFARE VS JAPANESE CONVOY SYSTEM Effect of Trade Warfare Allied U Boat Offensive.The Allied U boat offensive in the Pacific theatre commenced in Jan/Feb 1942. The Allied submarine fleet in the Pacific comprised of submarines from US Navy, the Royal Navy of UK and a few small submarines from the Royal Netherlands Navy. The US Navy adopted an unrestricted submarine warfare policy. In addition to the same, they also adapted Wolf Pack tactics practiced by Germans in the Atlantic to utilize them in the Pacific theatre.[18] The nomenclature selected for the Allied Wolf pack was Coordinated Attack Groups (CAG).[19] The tactics were slightly refined to give more freedom to the submarine commander at sea and control from submarine commander ashore was reduced. Other than minor changes, the spirit of CAG was similar to the Wolf pack. The CAG offensive against Japanese trade proved quite effective. The US submarines alone sank a total of 4,779,902 tons of merchant shipping during the course of the war, in total accounting for 54.6% of all Japanese ve ssel losses.[20] Allied trade warfare thus, succeeded in strangulating Japan and prevented her merchant marine form aiding the war effort. Axis U Boat Ops against Allied Merchant Shipping.Japanese U boats were never tasked by the Japanese Naval High command for an all-out trade warfare role against the Allied merchant shipping. This was attributable to certain flawed doctrinal precepts which shall be discussed subsequently. In the Pacific war, the Japanese submarines have been credited with sinking of 184 merchant vessels amounting to a total of 907, 000 GRT.[21] This kind of a restricted offensive had no effect on the Allied merchant marine. Effect of Convoy System in Asia Pacific Japanese Convoy System. In view of the relentless U Boat onslaught on its shipping the Japanese response was decidedly inadequate. Regular convoy system was put into place only by 1943 by when Allied U boats had already sunk a tenth of the Japanese shipping. The escorts provided for convoys were inadequate numerically as well as in terms of capability. These escorts were ships which had lived their life in the Imperial Japanese Navy and were seconded for lesser important roles. This gross neglect continued till about Mar 1944 when merchant ship losses became prohibitive. The blockade of the Japanese mainland had started to pinch the war waging effort as almost half the Japanese merchant fleet had already been sunk. This is when, serious attention to Japanese convoying efforts was paid by Japanese High Command. The total number of escort units assigned for convoy ops went up from 25 in 1943 to 150 by 1944. Even then the numbers of escorts were inadequate and poor ASW technology did no t prevent losses from U boats in a big way.[22] Poor ASW capability of IJN ships remained its proverbial Achilles heel. This deficiency led to further attrition of not only its merchant shipping but a substantial amount of its combatant fleet as well.[23] By the time Japanese Navy put into place a shipbuilding system for manufacturing specialized ASW platforms they ran out of raw material. And so by 1945, their war machinery as also the economy came to a standstill. Effect on Japanese Convoy Routes.The cumulative effect of Allied U boat offensive and inability of Japanese Navy to offer effective protection to its merchant marine convoys led to abandonment of a large number of point to point routes within the Western Pacific ocean. By 1944, more and more convoys were hugging the coast during their transit making them more vulnerable to threat from mines as well. This led to transit time being doubled in many cases over well-established routes. An extract from Strategic Bombing Survey The War Against Japanese Surface Transportation (1947) is placed at Appendix which depicts the Japanese convoy routes that were abandoned during the course of the Pacific war due to the U boat offensive from Allies.[24] Japanese Submarine Doctrine. Having seen the proactive Allied U boat deployment policy which proved to be so effective against Japanese shipping, it is worthwhile to examine the Japanese U boat doctrine within the same period of time as well. The strong Mahanian outlook of the entire Japanese Naval leadership, who had been bred on tales of crushing defeat meted out to Russia in the Russo Japanese War, led them to adapt a submarine doctrine edificed on the following assumptions[25]: Submarines are suited for use as scouts and must engage enemy surface combatants. They must support the Grand Fleet in the decisive battle. Sinking merchant ships is not consistent with bushido (the way of the warrior) as the enemy can be destroyed by crushing his large combatants.[26] Submarines could be used as effective means for defending island garrisons. Analysis.In a broad stroke, it could be surmised that since the basic premises on which submarine doctrine of the Japanese were based were not sound, the overall exploitation of these assets became unfocussed and suboptimal.[27] The Japanese were forced to cede that their U boats soon became powerless when faced with the superior ASW and technological capabilities of Allied warships. U boats could not defend island outposts of Japan and soon became supply mules for them which was a complete waste of their combat potential. Despite these telling setbacks, the Japanese high command was steadfast in refusing to recognize the effectiveness with which the Germans and later on the Allies exploited U boats. And so was frittered away a potent force which could have altered the face of Pacific war had they been used in an all-out merchant offensive against the Allies near the US West Coast, Hawaii, Australia, New Zealand, the Panama Canal and closer to major Indian ports/choke points. CONCLUSION Factors which Decided the Role of Merchant Marine in the Asia Pacific Region. During the course of the analysis of the role played by merchant marine in the Asia Pacific region in support of the war waging effort of both Allies and the Axis powers during WW II, the following major factors could be surmised: Trade Warfare.It is beyond doubt that the war in the Asia Pacific was one of logistics in its simplest form. The Allied forces built up a phenomenal logistics chain through synergised use of merchant marine in conjunction with fighting forces. The aim of the Allies was to effectively use this logistics stockpile to support their forces so as to cut the logistics lines of Axis powers. In cutting the Axis SLOCS, the aim was again to interdict Axis merchant marine which was the veritable lifeline of Japan. Hence both sides were inexorably dependent on their merchant marine for sustaining their war waging efforts. The role of merchant marine for both the side was pivotal. In this scenario, successful application of trade warfare allowed Allies to strangulate Japan and achieve significant advantage. Naval Control of Shipping. The major difference which contributed in a large way towards the overall effectiveness of Allied merchant shipping was the astute single point command and control. The Allies were fully aware of the importance of merchant shipping and had learnt their lessons well from the Atlantic theatre. On the contrary, Japanese shipping was divided between the Imperial Army, Imperial Navy and the govt with no central agency overseeing their functioning and utilization. This led to avoidable wastage of precious mercantile effort. Poor administration on part of the Japanese also led to non-implementation of convoy system in the early stages of war. Lack of effective NCS resulted in significant destruction of merchant marine which led to their economic strangulation and paved the way for their ultimate defeat at the hands of the Allies. Convoy System.The Allies did not have the need to implement a strict convoy system in the Asia Pacific unlike in the Atlantic theatre. This was due to an almost complete absence of Japanese submarine threat. The Axis shipping while in desperate need of effective convoy ops in the face of overwhelming U boat threat never got its act together while there was still time. By the time convoy ops were implemented by the Japanese, Allied U boats had inflicted irreversible losses on Axis shipping. The numerical and technical deficiencies of the Axis escort forces which were finally assigned for convoy ops only facilitated the attrition of Axis shipping which contributed in a big way to the ultimate Japanese defeat. Hence, ineffective implementation of convoy system by the Japanese prevented their merchant marine from playing a key enablers role to the war effort at the most crucial time during the Pacific war. U Boat Doctrines. The Allies took a leaf out the Axis powers Wolf pack tactics and implemented the same with great success against Japanese shipping. This was made possible due to a realistic approach by the Allied Naval leadership. The Axis powers on the other hand showed a complete lack of imagination in exploiting the U boat forces that they had. Rather than target Allied merchant shipping in a tit-for-tat manner, the Japanese U boats were frittered away on supply missions to outlying garrison islands and audacious reconnaissance missions which ultimately did nothing to further Japanese objectives. The Allies in fact won the war on Japanese merchant shipping by astute application of their potent U boat fleet with an aggressive doctrine. RECOMMENDATIONS NCAGS for Protection of Merchant Marine in Conflict and Peace Amongst all the factors that have been enumerated above, one factor that stands out as a significant contributor to the destruction of Japanese merchant marine was their lack of well evolved NCS procedures. The effectiveness of NCS has been proved both in war and in peacetime operations over the last century. The most recent example of successful application of these time tested procedures can be seen in the escort operations being conducted by IN, PLA(N) and Russian Navy in the Gulf of Aden for protecting ships from the scourge of Piracy. NCS and NCAGS in the Indian Context. Specifically, in the Indian context, NCS and NCAGS are both mentioned as distinct military roles in times of conflict in the maritime strategy document, Ensuring Secure Seas Indian Maritime Security Strategy. However, no further amplification on the ambit of operations is provided therein.[28] The Australian Maritime Doctrine (non NATO member) defines NCAGS as The provision of military cooperation, guidance, advice, assistance and supervision to merchant shipping to enhance the safety of participating merchant ships and to support military operations. (BR 1806).[29] Certain amplification of the scope of NCAGS is also provided in the doctrine to the extent that the overall aim of the operation becomes clear.[30] Need for Guidance Document on NCAGS.Presently there do not exist any Indian guidance/ policy documents in the open domain with regards to NCS/ NCAGS which are accessible to merchant mariners. It is recommended that the ambit of operations envisaged under NCAGS could be defined in an unclassified guidance document. In specifying a scope for these operations we could consider the NATO Allied publication in this regard which has evolved from the Wartime Instructions for US Merchant vessels of WW II.[31] This NATO publication incorporates actions for a number of non-traditional threats which plague merchant marine in the present day. Promulgation of such a document would lay out the basic guidelines for co-operation with merchant men. This document could be used to lay out the terms of reference for carrying out Anti-piracy escort ops in Gulf of Aden. Once a policy/ guidance document is promulgated, a foundation for mercantile-military cooperation is laid for building up further. Participation/ Observer Status in NATO NCAGS Exercises.NATO member navies conduct NCAGS exercises like Bell Buoy and Lucky Mariner where member nations represented by NCAGS staff and merchant marine community come together in order to jointly exercise civil military response to a global threat scenario to shipping.[32] It would be worthwhile to have suitable Naval reps from IN attend these exercises either as participants or observers. This would allow us to remain in tune with the current developments in this field. Based on experience gained in such exercises, we could have our own scenario based exercises. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Bagnasco, Erminio. Submarines of World War II. Annapolis. Maryland: Naval (1977) Blair, Clay. Silent Victory: The US Submarine War Against Japan. Naval Institute Press, 2001. Carter, Worral Reed. Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil: The Story of Fleet Logistics Afloat in the Pacific During World War II. Washington. DC: Department of the Navy (1953). Dyer, George C. Naval Logistics. (USNI Press, Maryland) 1962. Hughes, Terry and Costello, John. The Battle of the Atlantic, New York: Dial Press,1977. Huston, James A. The Sinews of War: Army Logistics; 1775-1953. Vol. 2. Government Printing Office, 1966 Milner, M. (2008). The Battle That Had To Be Won. Naval History, 22(3), 12-21. Nitobe, InazÃ…Â . Bushido, The Soul Of Japan: An Exposition Of Japanese Thought. GP PutnamsÃÅ'â€Å" sons, 1905 Smith, Steven Trent. Wolf Pack: The American Submarine Strategy that Helped Defeat Japan. Wiley, 2003 Vego, Milan. Operational Warfare At Sea: Theory And Practice. Routledge, 2008. Willmott, Hedley Paul. The Last Century of Sea Power: From Washington to Tokyo, 1922-1945. Vol. 2. Indiana University Press, 2010. 2.Collections. Hansen Kenneth P, Canadian Naval Operational Logistics: Lessons Learned, Lost, and Relearned? The Northern Mariner/le marin du nord, XX No. 4, (October 2010) Hoffman, F. G. The American Wolf Packs A Case Study in Wartime Adaptation JFQ 80, 1st Quarter 2016 Richard J. Smethurst, Japan, the United States, and the Road to World War II in the Pacific The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol 10, Issue 37, No. 4, September 10, 2012 3.Documents. ATP-02.1 Naval Cooperation And Guidance For Shipping (NCAGS) Guide To Owners, Operators, Masters And Officers Edition A Version 1 September 2014 Clem Lack, B.A., Dip. Jour., Public Relations Officer, Premiers Department, Brisbane. Australias Merchant Navy, Read at the meeting of The Historical Society of Queensland on October 24, 1957 Department of Defense, Washington, D.C. World War II Informational Fact Sheets.1995, ED 406 277 Giesler Patricia, Valour at Sea Canadas Merchant Navy, Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada represented by the Minister of Veterans Affairs, 2005 Indian Naval Strategic Publication 1.2 Oct 2015, Ensuring Secure Seas Indian Maritime Security Strategy, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) Linn, James, Supplying the Asia-Pacific Theater: United States Logistics and the American Merchant Marine in World War II (2016) University of New Orleans Theses and Dissertations. Paper 2167. ONeil, William D. Military Transformation as a Competitive Systemic Process: The Case of Japan and the United States between the World Wars. No. CRS-D0008616. A1. Center For Naval Analyses Alexandria VA, 2003. RAN Doctrine 1 2010, Australian Maritime Doctrine Dussault Sheyla, Naval Cooperation and Guidance For Shipping : Giving an old tool a new role in Canadas Maritime Security, Royal Canadian Navy, Apr 09 United States Strategic Bombing Survey.(1947). The War Against Japanese Transportation, 1941-1945. [Washington] Wigmore Greg A Debt Of Shame Repaid: Canadian Merchant Navy Veterans And Their Struggle For Compensation, Carleton University, Canada 4.Electronic Media/Websites (ab)http://combinedfleet.com/ss.htm (ac)http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=179117. http://ww6.enjoy.ne.jp/~iwashige/escorttext.htm http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1987/Ship-Losses-in-Tanker-War-One-Third-Total-Sinkings-in-WWII/id-fa55fe8e5a8a2a706f9d700df38fe247 http://www.alliedmerchantnavy.com/amn/canada/info-resources.html http://www.britannica.com/place/Pacific-Ocean http://www.history.co.uk/study-topics/history-of-ww2/pacific-and-philippines http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/IJN/JANAC-Losses/JANAC-Losses-6.html http://www.merchantshipsozww2.com/about.php http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WAMJAP_ASW.php Japanese ASW weapons http://www.usmm.org/battleatlantic.html http://www.usmm.org/battlepacific.html http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html http://www.ww2incolor.com/forum/showthread.php/6399-IJN-Submarine-Doctrine Total no of words: 5373. No of words excluding articles, footnotes, bibliography and digits: 4115 [1] http://www.usmm.org/ww2.html (accessed on 12 Sep 16) [2] Milner, M. (2008). The Battle That Had To Be Won. Naval History, 22(3), 12-21. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/203459633?accountid=132150 The Battle of the Atlantic started on 3 September 1939 when U-30 sank the small British liner Athenia west of Ireland, and it ended on 7 May 1945 when U-2336 sank two small steamers in the North Sea off Newcastle, England. [3] George C Dyer,. Naval Logistics. (USNI Press, Maryland) 1962. p 119 [4] Worral Reed Carter,. Beans, Bullets, and Black Oil: The Story of Fleet Logistics Afloat in the Pacific During World War II. Washington. DC: Department of the Navy (1953). p 95, Chapter X [5] Indian Naval Strategic Publication 1.2 Oct 2015, Ensuring Secure Seas Indian Maritime Security Strategy, Integrated Headquarters, Ministry of Defence (Navy) p 73 [6] Richard J. Smethurst, Japan, the United States, and the Road to World War II in the Pacific,

Atheists are also Gods Instruments Verse Analysis :: essays research papers

Atheists are God's instruments, and not only them, but everything as well. Note what the Apostle Paul has written in the Bible: "For he saith unto Moses, 'I will have mercy on whom I will have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I will have compassion.' So then it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that sheweth mercy. For the scripture saith unto Pharaoh, 'Even for this same purpose have I raised thee up, that I might shew my power in thee, and that my name might be declared throughout all the Earth.' Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth." Romans 9:15-18. There are other verses, but for now let us evaluate the above passage from the King James Version: 1. God has mercy on those whom He wants to have mercy on. He has compassion/love on those whom He wants to love. 2. Man can try to do something, but it is God who has made the decisions and it is God who pre-destinated all things. 3. God pre-destined all things of what will happen to them. 4. The Egyptian Pharaoh was created for God's purposes. The purposes were: God showed His power and God's name was declared throughout all the Earth. 5. Pharaoh probably did not know God's true intentions. Even if Pharaoh knew what it was, he was still unable to resist what has been pre-destined by the Creator. Let us take a closer look at what happened in the book of Exodus: "And Moses and Aaron went in unto Pharaoh, and they did so as the Lord had commanded: and Aaron cast down his rod before Pharaoh, and before his servants, and it became a serpent. Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the sorcerers: now the magicians of Egypt, they also did in like manner with their enchantments. For they cast down every man his rod, and they became serpents: but Aaron's rod swallowed up their rods. And he hardened Pharaoh's heart, that he hearkened not unto them, as the Lord has said. And the Lord said unto Moses, 'Pharaoh's heart is hardened, he refuseth to let the people go.'" Exodus 7:10-14. 1. Pharaoh saw the power of the Lord, and refused to submit even when Aaron's rod swallowed the magician's rods. 2. God himself hardened the heart of Pharaoh. See also Exodus 8:15 and other verses which show that Pharaoh's heart was hardened.

Patch Adam

He also tried to use his humor to help heal the pain and suffering. Patch Adams tried to grant their wishes while they were on their death bed, He tried to make them forget about the negative things. He wants them to make the best of It while it lasts. There are a lot of bad customer services from the nurses and Patch Adams in the hospital. For example, one of the nurses refused to enter room 305 because the patient was mean. That shows neglecting a patient. Patch Adams also showed some bad customer service.Not acting professional in a work place. He goofed around a lot only to make his patients happy, and they were very grateful of his humor. Also the director who was walking the class around was shouting out the patient's diagnoses out loud, that wasn't good customer service. The front desk lady didn't want to attend a patient's mom until she filled out all of paper work. She should have attended her first because it was an emergency. Patch Adams did a lot of illegally things that took place in the hospital and in school.The director as showing the third year class around and was telling his students about the patient's diagnoses. That is the patients' confidential business and it should have not been discussed. Patch Adams also communicated with the patients and he was only in his first year of medical school. The nurses were also discussing the patient's diagnosis with Patch Adam who is a student. It is not to be discussed with a student. When Patch Adam went into the school and took his own file was illegal. If I had the chance to work for Patch Adams I will love to.He went a very long way to get where he Is at now. I admire him for all his hard work. He tried his best to brighten patient's lives even if he knew they did not have much to live. I am sure that his doctor clinic will be a lovely place to work. I think the movie was a very touching movie. Patch Adam fought for what he wanted. He didn't give up, nor let other people judgments get to him. I lear n a lot about customer service, and how to be professional and make patients smile. Patch Adam By lessened Patch Adams real name is Hunter Adams.A man who was in the same mental institution Patch Adams was in had given him the nickname. He named him Patch Adams because he patched up his cup because it was leaking. The understanding bed. He tried to make them forget about the negative things. He wants them to make the best of it while it lasts. There are a lot of bad customer services from the nurses he is at now. I admire him for all his hard work. He tried his best to brighten patient's Adam fought for what he wanted. He didn't give up, nor let other people Judgments

Heterogeneously grouping students

Heterogeneously grouping students Free Online Research Papers Grouping students according to academic ability is perceived as having a negative rather than positive effect on the students academic development (Detracking America=s Schools). How true this statement is. When you think of the word segregation, you think of racism and discrimination. In this case however, segregation is the best possible thing that can happen to our schools in this era of controversy over issues in schools. Heterogeneously grouping students, or ability grouping, is a process in which students are placed into classes in which they can learn at the pace that fits them (Grouping). For example, if an honors student is in a general class, they will easily get bored or frustrated and lose focus. With ability grouping, students are in the classes that they are meant to be in and learn at or close to the rate of their classmates, keeping students focused and willing to work. It is seen as a way to narrow the range of performance and motivation in a group of students, thereby making teaching easier and preventing less able students from Aholding back@ those with greater academic talent (Detracking). The level of learning in high schools is at different levels (Is ability..). Some students learn faster than others and vise versa. Not only do some people learn faster than others, some people are just naturally smarter than others. The level of learning in schools is the key reason as to why students should be grouped according to ability. Students in honors classes are able to go ahead of others that do not learn as fast as they do. Other classes, such as resource and special education, allow those students to take their time and the students aren=t missing out because the learn slower than their peers. Even classes such as general help because the students that need more time to do their work receive that time, making it fair for everyone in the school. A prime example of how homogeneously grouping, or mixing, affects students is apparent in the freshmen class at my highschool. Last year as an honors student, I was in classes with average and below average students. All of the people in class learned at a different pace making it hard as a student and even harder as a teacher. Some students were always ready to move ahead while others wanted to slow down because they didn=t understand the material and the pace of the learning in the class was moving too quickly for them. When students are heterogeneously grouped and placed in different programs such as honors, college, general, and special education, they are in a better situation to learn at their own pace. Also, certain students excel in certain areas. Just because someone is in general English doesn=t mean they don=t belong in honors math or Spanish. Mixing can be especially frustrating for someone who excels in an art or music who is in a class with people who aren=t as dedicated or are not as talented in that subject. Students expect to be able to work as hard and to move on as they feel fit and would not want to impose on someone in the same situation in another class. When students are homogeneously grouped, problems are bound to occur (Diverse Knowledge..). When honors students are mixed with general students, general students are going to fall behind and honors students will become bored or aggravated because they cannot move ahead. Students in mixed situations will either be held back or left behind. In either scenario, both parties are at a disadvantage, which results in helping no one. In any case, heterogeneously grouping students is the only logical solution to the problem. Some say that segregation is prejudice and that it demoralizes students of lower levels. I think that when a student finds themself in a comfortable position to learn, it is more convenient for both parties. No student should ever be deprived of receiving the education they deserve. When students are heterogeneously grouped, it is certain that students will receive the educational opportunities the deserve. Research Papers on Heterogeneously grouping studentsStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeWhere Wild and West MeetBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Spring and AutumnResearch Process Part One

Essay on Ethical Dilemma in Halthcare Essay Example

Essay on Ethical Dilemma in Halthcare Essay Example Essay on Ethical Dilemma in Halthcare Essay Essay on Ethical Dilemma in Halthcare Essay Essay Topic: Emma Introduction A compound situation that mostly involves a psychological conflict between two situations that are both morally right is what an ethical dilemma entails. An ethical dilemma involves one choosing to obey a rule and in the same process transgressing another rule. In terms of healthcare, ethical dilemmas are very common as people differ in the mode in which a patient should be treated. When a patient has a life threatening condition that requires surgery that is dangerous, he or she is faced with a decision. In making this decision, they are faced with an ethical dilemma. That is, in going for the surgery, s/he could die or not end up improving their quality of life and not doing the surgery in which they could still die. Patients and their loved ones are not the only ones that are faced with ethical dilemmas, doctors as well as on a daily basis they are made to choose what are best for their patients. Discussion The healthcare system has undergone a series of radical changes. The changes have brought with them complex situations and thus the use of ethics become part of what should be applied. Thus, ethical dilemmas arise, as people are known to view situations in different perspectives. Ethical dilemmas are more often than not put across to attempt to contest a system that is ethical as well as how the rest of the world views it. How one views a particular situation, is not necessarily, how another person will view it. These arguments have been disapproved in many ways over the past years. Just as people are different, their views on how to handle a certain situation will also differ. A person, who chooses to do something in a certain way, often feels that by choosing one option, they have gone for the option that is a lesser evil than the other option. The same applies in healthcare, as doctors are also different. They are faced with decisions every day all with the aim of making their pat ient better. Physicians are forced to decide whether what they are doing is good for their patient, even if it is bad in terms of how society views that dilemma. Euthanasia is a situation where a doctor, patient or the loved one of the patient decides to end the life of their patient. The person advocating for it often feels that, by doing so, they will have put the patient out of the pain and suffering that is associated with the disease a patient is suffering from. This however goes against how society views life. Other people will not understand why kill someone who still might have some time left to live. Society believes that life is precious, and it should be preserved. Society does not get why one would choose to end his or her life, yet there still are other options to explore that would make the patient live comfortably. However, the pressure associated with seeing a fellow human being suffer with little or no hopes of recovering can make someone decide to relieve the patient from the pain. Some doctors also say that euthanasia goes against the Hippocratic Oath they took as doctors to practice medicine ethically and honestly therefor e preserving and protecting the lives of their patients. Since 2006, euthanasia also known as assisted suicide has been termed as the most active area of study in cotemporary bioethics. The earliest reports of euthanasia took place when the Emperor Augustus died in the arms of his wife without suffering. He asked his wife to let him die honorably than let him continue suffering, yet there was no way he could get any better. In those days, the term euthanasia had not yet been coined. The term was first used in the 17th century by a doctor called Francis Bacon. He said it referred to an easy happy death through the alleviation of pain rather than a death that is slowed down by a doctor through administering drugs. He felt that it was a doctor’s responsibility to alleviate a patient’s pain, as this was why they were doctors. The move was welcome, even if it meant letting the patient die, as opposed to having a life that is of less quality than the patient was living before. Euthanasia is illegal in some places in the world, while in others, it is termed as legal. Where it is illegal, a person who commits euthanasia can be charged with murder (Dowbiggin, 2 005). Euthanasia can be classified into three. It can be voluntary, non-voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary euthanasia is when the patient gives consent to let someone end their life prematurely. It is usually legal in the countries that permit the practice. The countries in the world that permit it are Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. Other countries are adopting this method though many objections have been presented by pro-life activists. In the United States for instance, some states advocate for voluntary euthanasia while others still do not. The states that advocated for voluntary euthanasia all follow the Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Missouri State rendering voluntary euthanasia legal in this case. It is necessary to note that voluntary euthanasia should not be confused with when a patient commits suicide with the help of a physician. This is termed as assisted suicide, which is legal in some countries, which include Switz erland, Australia, Belgium and three states of United States that are Oregon, Washington and Montana. Non-voluntary euthanasia is whereby it is done when the consent of a patient is not available. It is illegal in all countries. Involuntary euthanasia is whereby the patient does not give their consent to be killed off. When this is done, it is tantamount to murder and the person responsible for it can be charged in a court of law. Though some forms euthanasia can be termed as legal, it is essential to note that child euthanasia is illegal in the whole world. Anyone who does this has committed murder, as a child does not have the capacity to make such a decision on his or her own. Even if a parent feels that they have the power to make decisions on behalf of the child, this decision is not up to them. These three forms of euthanasia are classified into passive euthanasia in which treatment is withheld. By treatment, it means that the use of medicine that is necessary to prolong the life of a patient is withheld. Passive euthanasia can also include administering large doses of morphine so that the patient feels less pain since they do not have painkillers in their system. Active euthanasia, on the other hand, is by employing the use of substances that would end the life of a patient faster. This could be using lethal substances that are harmful to the health of a patient, even if s/he was healthy. A widely known example of active euthanasia is the case of the terminally ill patient in Michigan was administered lethal medication to him by his doctor. Dr. Jack Kevorkian was charged with first-degree murder for killing his patient Thomas Youk. Though the medication was administered per Youk’s request, Dr. Kevorkian was sentenced to prison after being found guilty of second-degr ee murder. Many authors have written articles on this issue and have termed it as unhelpful and misleading. They have questioned the fact that is euthanasia mercy killing or murder of an innocent victim. The topic of euthanasia is associated with many debates with people on the opposite sides of the debate feeling that their views are most relevant than the other side. People have different views, most of which have been brought about by the backgrounds that they have grown up in. However, for the independent minded, they will feel that it is more crucial to remember their loved one as a happy healthy person than as a sick person. They would rather not see them in pain. It is a personal decision, as no one would like to see his or her loved ones in pain. People that support euthanasia will argue that it is easier to let a patient die as one will know that they are no longer in pain. Through death, a patient is at peace and no longer has to worry about being sick. In the case of a patient choosing to end his or her life, they feel that society needs to respect that decision. If the patient were not hurting anyone else, why would the state interfere? Death is a private matter, and if t hrough it, the grief and suffering of not only the patient, but also their loved ones is shortened, then the practice of euthanasia should be advocated. Even Christians support euthanasia and back up their claims by saying that, God is love. Since love entails compassion, why someone would let a loved one be in pain yet there is a way of ending the pain. The greatest show of love to them is to let someone die thus showing that their love is agape. They even quote the bible saying that in Genesis chapter one, verse 28 it says that God gave human beings dominion over all things. Thus, they feel that it is their right to choose what happens to their loved ones. God gave human beings free will meaning that whatever they decide to do with their lives it is in their own hands. Even in the bible, there are examples of euthanasia. Like in second Samuel chapter 1 verses, 9 and 10 where King Saul asked his guard to kill him after he felt that he could not kill David. They also say that in John chapter 10 verse 10 that it promotes life in all its fullness. If a person feels that his or her life’s quality is lessened, then they should opt for euthanasia. For people who have been led to believe that life is important they tend to be pro-life. They will be against any form of euthanasia even if it means less suffering for the people involved. According to them life is precious and should not be left to people who are already distraught to make such decisions. They feel that if euthanasia were made legal more people would opt for it and not just terminally ill patients. Medical experts have already said that it is impossible to give a specific time limit for life expectancy. They might give less or more time than the patient has. People against euthanasia also feel that it will reach a time when it will become non-voluntary. Just because someone does not want to take responsibility for what is happening, does not mean that another life has to end. For instance, in the case of parents who kill a child because they are paralyzed and they feel that taking care of the children will be too much for them. In Latimer’s case, a father ha d to kill his mentally disabled daughter because he thought that she had a hip problem that was a danger to her health. This is an example of non-voluntary euthanasia, and it was not necessary for the father to kill the daughter and end his pain and suffering. Pro-lifers feel that if more countries continue to legalize euthanasia it will reach a time that it will be used as a means of healthcare cost containment. Cutting costs is crucial to many people and if they see that their patient will not get better, they would rather kill them than continue paying for treatment that will not work. Life is crucial and practicing euthanasia shows that, as human beings people do not value life and the joys that it brings with it. Thus, they feel that euthanasia should remain illegal in the whole world so that people continue to value life. A line needs to be drawn when it comes to euthanasia. This is because human beings are not capable of making decisions that involve life or death situations. It should not be upon them to decide who gets to live or die. No one has the capacity to play God so therefore euthanasia should be made illegal in the whole world. Even if someone’s quality of life has reduced, the patients still have a right to live. However painful it is to see a loved one sick, it is essential to preserve life. Every person plays a different role in life. Just because one feels love for another more than anyone else does, does not mean that they get a chance to decide when their life ends. Furthermore, when faced with such a dilemma one is not in the right state of mind to make decisions. Conclusion Ethical dilemmas will always be there in life. How a person chooses to solve them, is what matters the most. It is often an endeavor to disprove what is termed as ethical by different people. Just like in euthanasia, both parties that are for and against it feel that their views are most valid. Thus, no matter which stand one chooses to follow it will still mean going against another choice. Life is precious no matter how one looks at it. It is therefore necessary to preserve it, as only God knows the time or day that a person should die. Therefore, human beings should not advocate for euthanasia. Work cited: Dowbiggin, I. R. (2005). A concise history of euthanasia: Life, death, God, and medicine. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield.